FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR LARGE COMMERCIAL COMPLEXES BASED ON INTEGRATED DISASTER RISK THEORY USING GAME-THEORETIC COMBINATION WEIGHTING AND THE CLOUD MODEL
Main article
Abstract
Large commercial complexes — shopping malls, integrated retail-office developments, and mixed-use podium-tower buildings — have proliferated across rapidly urbanising Malaysian cities and the wider Southeast Asian region. These facilities concentrate high occupant densities, heterogeneous fire loads, long internal travel distances, and operationally critical services into a single building envelope; once a fire occurs, the probability of severe casualties, substantial property damage, and cascading economic disruption is considerable. Conventional fire-risk assessment approaches tend to focus narrowly on either hazard or vulnerability, on a single class of fire-safety equipment, or on static engineering checklists, and seldom capture the complete disaster-risk formation mechanism or integrate external emergency-response capacity at the urban scale. To address these gaps, this study introduces Integrated Disaster Risk Theory into commercial-complex fire-safety assessment and constructs a new index system that embraces four dimensions: hazard (H), vulnerability (V), exposure (E), and emergency response and recovery capacity (C), organised around 24 secondary indicators. Indicator weights are first derived by the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and the Structural Entropy Weight (SEW) Method, and are then reconciled through a game-theoretic combination-weighting procedure that minimises the squared deviation between the combined weight vector and each basic weight vector. A cloud model is then applied to transform expert ratings and standard interval ranges into digital characteristics (Ex, En, He), producing an integrated assessment cloud whose similarity with five standard-grade clouds determines the final fire-risk level. The model is applied to a representative 58,000 m² mixed-use commercial complex in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. The integrated cloud (Ex = 78.32, En = 5.28, He = 2.07) lies predominantly within the interval (70, 90], and the maximum cloud similarity of 0.7416 is observed with standard Grade II, indicating a relatively low overall fire-risk level. Sensitivity analysis with ±30 % weight perturbation leaves the grade unchanged, confirming stability. The result is consistent with an established fire-risk-index (FRI) reference method, which yields an FRI score of 3.41 — also within the low-risk band — thereby validating the proposed model. The study contributes a systematic, stable, and visualisable decision-support tool that couples building-intrinsic attributes with city-level fire and rescue capacity, providing actionable guidance for fire-safety management, regulatory benchmarking, and insurance underwriting of large commercial complexes in Malaysia.
